In today's digital age, where data represents one of the most valuable assets in information systems, it is crucial to be able to effectively address their loss or damage. Especially in Linux operating system environments like CentOS 7, data recovery from damaged or partially overwritten ext4 file systems can be complex. This article provides a detailed guide to the recovery process, utilizing commonly available tools and best practices in the field.

Basic Overview

ext4 is the standard file system in Linux, known for its robustness and performance. However, in cases of physical disk damage, software errors, or user mistakes, data loss can occur. Recovering such data requires a specific approach.

Preparation for Recovery

• Backup: Before initiating any recovery operations, it is essential to create a bit-by-bit copy (image) of the damaged disk. This minimizes the risk of further data corruption. The ddrescue tool is ideal for this purpose.

  Installing ddrescue:

  yum install ddrescue
  

  Creating a disk image:

  ddrescue /dev/sdx /path/to/image.img /path/to/logfile.log
  

  (Replace /dev/sdx with the path to your damaged disk.)

• Damage Analysis: Prior to recovery, it is crucial to analyze the extent and type of damage using tools like fsck or debugfs.

Recovery Process

1. Using fsck: The fsck tool is the primary utility for checking and repairing damaged file systems in Linux. It should be applied to the disk image, not the original disk, to prevent further damage.

   fsck.ext4 -v /path/to/image.img
   

   The -v option enables verbose mode, providing detailed information about the ongoing repair process.

2. TestDisk: For deeper analysis and recovery, it's recommended to use the TestDisk tool, capable of reconstructing damaged file systems and recovering deleted files.

   Installing TestDisk:

   yum install testdisk
   

   Running TestDisk:

   testdisk /path/to/image.img
   

   Follow the instructions in the TestDisk user interface for file system analysis and recovery.

3. PhotoRec: If the previous steps do not lead to successful recovery, PhotoRec is a tool focused on file recovery regardless of the file system type, which can be useful for extracting individual files from the damaged image.

   Running PhotoRec:

   photorec /path/to/image.img
   

3. Follow the on-screen instructions for searching and recovering files.

Data recovery from damaged or partially overwritten ext4 file systems requires a careful approach and the use of specialized tools. While this process can be time-consuming and not always 100% successful, following the outlined steps and best practices increases the chances of successful recovery. It is always recommended to have up-to-date data backups to minimize such situations.